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While there are important differences among the four countries on threat perceptions, military capability, strategic priority, capacity to bear the costs of potential retaliation, strategic culture and constitutional imperatives, these differences place limitations on Quadrilateral cooperation, but do not preclude it. They should also cooperate on standard setting, and create an Indo-Pacific quadrilateral critical infrastructure funding scheme as a viable alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for small states that could be targeted by China for power projection purposes.Īfter a ten-year hiatus, the Australia-India-Japan-US Security Quadrilateral Dialogue - informally known as the Quad - was resurrected in 2017 with the aim to support a ‘free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific Region’. Quad states should cooperate to improve joint interoperability, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities, share logistics for power projection and enhanced access to and joint development of defence technology.Quad states should take the next step of deepening military cooperation between them to signal an intent to counter and thereby deter future Chinese attempts to further alter the status quo, and develop a credible capacity to do so.

Despite differences in threat perception, risk tolerance, military capability, and strategic culture, cooperation among the Quad countries is likely to deepen as long as China continues to challenge key aspects of the status quo liberal rules-based order that benefit all four.

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